My wife asked me the question a few days ago, a survey she is conducting for one of her courses:
Do you think the concept of a glass ceiling is relevant in 2011?
I ended up writing a much longer answer than what she was looking for so I moved it here. Plus maybe others will comment on this.
According to surveys I hear about on radio, glass ceiling is still relevant nowadays. CBC indicates that women are still paid less than their male counterpart for the same work, and that there are fewer women in management positions than men. It seems like part of this is still old-fashioned stereotypes. Those glass ceilings can be raised and even removed, with the right cultural changes, ie education, and work by those who care about the problem.
But there is no doubt that promotion into senior management role requires not only knowing the right people and and flair for opportunity (which both men and women have), but sacrificing some family life in favor of dedication to work during a period of one’s life where family time will impact the family for one or two generations into the future (25 – 35 years of age). Whereas men can wait till they are “established” before having a family, or a second family, women can’t, the biological clock is ticking.
I believe the natural instinct of women to be nurturing and caring, whereas that of men appears to be conquest (in the broadest sense of the term). The sacrifices needed to get into senior positions are not compatible with the nurture/care priority. But this is probably fortunate, otherwise birth rate would be even lower than what it is now.
Interestingly, I think many men would welcome the opportunity to have the “nurture/care” gene. I really doubt it is a learnt or environmental affinity; rather it is biological, such that willing it produces only temporary or limited motivation in comparison to the strong, innate motivation that stems from the “nurture/care” gene that women carry. Women have no choice but to feel that the potential gain and satisfaction is not worth the sacrifice, it is part of their DNA; men have not choice but to feel that it is worth the sacrifice, and in fact feel that it is necessary to the wellness of the Species. For women wellness is about family and a community of support. For men wellness is about providing for comfort and displaying power.
Finally, even if these factors could be mitigated, it is hard to imagine a work system that would support either men or women in their many family duties, and still allow them to progress into very senior positions. Experts estimate that to become expert at a task or activity requires 5000 hrs of execution. There are simply not enough hours in a day (not for another couple billions years, anyhow — the time it will take for the Earth to slow down and days to get significantly longer) to support developing high performance in both family and work. This may sound funny, but in a hermaphrodite species, at least both “sides” would have identical levels of acceptance or comfort with the required sacrifices; the ceiling would still be there, but at least it would be on both “sides” (though there wouldn’t be any “sides” in such species).